Baxter International free essay sample

Marketing analysis of health product firm in U.S. Mexico; overview of Mexican cultural the economic environment. BAXTER INTERNATIONAL: MARKETING PRACTICES IN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES Introduction The research reviews Baxters marketing practices in Mexico and the United States. Additionally, cultural differences between Mexico and the United States that affect Baxters marketing practices in the two countries are addressed. Baxters Marketing in the United States Baxter International, Inc. is headquartered in Deerfield, Illinois, and operates four divisions on a global basis. These divisions Renal, Biotech, Cardiovascular, and Intravenous International Distribution all operate globally. Each division produces products that target the hospital market. Baxter is the global sales leader of products used in hospitals, nursing ..

Major innovations in technolog essays

Major innovations in technolog essays Major innovation in the pursuit of leisure Although it doesnt come to many people minds transportation in itself can be a leisure activity. Most people dont realize how far weve come from the horse drawn carriage. Bikes First bike invented by German Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn Simple design. Wooden plank set on 2 wheels.the first model didnt prove to be that much than simpy walking. 1871 The Penny Farthing is also referred to as the 'High' or 'Ordinary' bicycle, and the first one was invented in 1871 by British engineer, James Starley. Bike with large front wheel. Most effectiant yet front tire had rubber tubbing. Also had pedal on front wheel which gave it movement. 1885 Over a twenty-year span, the British brought the bicycle to its present form, thanks mainly to James Starley of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company. In 1885 the Starley Rover safety bike was born Early 1770 The unknown inventor accomplished dry land skating by nailing wooden spools to strips of wood and attaching them to his shoes. 'Skeelers' was the nickname given to the new dry-land skaters The late 70's through mid 80' - A second big skating boom occurred with the marriage of disco and roller-skating. Over 4,000 roller-discos were in operation and Hollywood began making roller-movies. 1979 - Scott Olson and Brennan Olson, brothers and hockey players who lived in Minneapolis, Minnesota, found an antique pair of roller skates. It was one of the early skates that used the 'in-line' wheels rather than the four-wheeled parallel design of George Plimpton. Intrigued by the in-line design, the brothers began redesigning roller skates, taking design elements from the found skates and using modern materials. They used polyurethane wheels, attached the skates to ice hockey boots, and added a rubber toe-brake to their new design. ...

The argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

The argument - Essay Example On the one hand, it is rather necessary to consider increasing the minimum age of a driving license holder from 16 to 17. This is because this action can significantly reduce the number of accidents in the roads. According to various researchers, numerous accidents are attributed by the young drivers on the roads. This is a clear indication that raising the minimum age of obtaining a driving license to 17 years would immensely lead to a reduction of the road accidents (Jacobs 29). In fact, the young drivers are usually inexperienced and under-developed cognitively hence, as teenagers they have a higher probability of being involved in automobile accidents. These young drivers should also be involved in more hours of practice with the licensed drivers in order to prevent the countless deaths that are caused by accidents. From a mathematical perspective, the raise in the minimum age would amount to less road users. This clearly asserts that the numerous road accidents will also be decreased substantially. According to various psychologists, the mindset of most young drivers is not fully mature until when the individual hits the 20’s. Thus, increasing the minimum age of the drivers can be considered as a vast step in improving road safety. Statistics assert that most of the road users in numerous countries are approximately ages 16 to 24 (Jacobs 32). The lack of experience and responsibility in this age group has led to a radical change in road transportation. This is because most of these individuals are faced with the dangers of reckless driving, drinking under the influence of drugs among other conditions. Most of the individuals in this age group are victims of drug abuse, which affects road safety. For example, when such individuals drive under the influence of drugs, there is a high probability that they can cause accidents. This endangers the lives of other innocent road users including the pedestrians and other motorists who

Gun laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gun laws - Essay Example Specifically, the events of the Aurora, Colorado theater shooting alongside the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre have galvanized public opinion on both sides of the issue. As such, this brief analysis will seek to consider the debate from the perspective of the pro-gun control movement. In such a way, it will be the express goal of this author to relate to the reader some of the most powerful arguments in favor of further gun control and the rationale behind these. As such, it is the author’s hope that the reader will gain a more nuanced and complete understanding of the main arguments for further gun control by an analysis of the following 4 arguments: the Second Amendment does not, nor did it ever, provide for individual gun rights, the high rate of gun related violence and death, as well as the societal needs for reasonable gun control laws, and whether or not further testing should be put in place for those individuals that have a propensity to instability. Finally, a n examination of an even more vehement argument with regards to gun control will be entertained and discussed. The first, and perhaps most contentious of the issues that this analysis will seek to discuss, is the issue of whether or not the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution sought to convey individual gun rights to the citizen. ... In such a way, the Second Amendment can and should be interpreted as little more than admission from the Federal government that it promises not to infringe upon the rights of the militias (National Guard and Army Reserves) to maintain a stock of weaponry for the purpose of defense and securing the borders of the new nation. This particular argument hinges upon interpretation of the Constitution; one of the most contested documents within the political spectrum (Saenz 1). However, from a rhetorically honest standpoint, the text of the bill specifies specifically what it denotes; i.e. the right of the states and by extension the militias under their control to retain weapons. In short, such argument is valid; however, it cannot be used to effectively engage those members of the pro-gun persuasion due to the fact that they have almost invariably chosen to interpret the document by a wholly different standard (Trotter 26). The second argument which will be utilized within this brief ana lysis is the fact the extraordinarily high rate of gun crime and the increasingly gruesome nature that it has taken within the past several years demands stricter gun laws. There have always been cases of extreme violence, even massacres, within American society; however, the fact of the matter is that almost all of these hideous crimes have a single factor in common; the widespread and pervasive use of semi-automatic weapons, readily obtained by individuals who can easily be described as unstable, as well as the implementation and usage of high capacity magazines (Shear 1). Whether or not guns should be allowed is not the central issue that is up for debate; rather, the issue at hand is the ease and availability that is unilaterally shared by almost all of the purveyors

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing Essay

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing - Essay Example tics of services, to wit: (1) intangible, (2) inseparability in terms of delivery and consumption, (3) heterogeneous in kind, and (4) perishable as it cannot be saved, stored, or returned. Having delineated services, goods naturally are services’ antithesis, meaning, they are tangible, are distinctly separate in kind, and can be stored, saved, and returned as needed. The intangibility of services simply describes their quality of not being able to touch and thus cannot be evaluated in terms of its physical availability prior to purchase. Services are inseparable that the organization offering it needs the assistance of a customer representative as contact to provide explanation and detailed information on the offered service. Likewise, the characteristic of inseparability takes into account its inability to cater to the specific needs of the customer. Services are also considered heterogeneous in kind since they are highly variable with dissimilar parts or elements. Finally, the perishability characteristic of services implies that they can not be stored, saved, or returned. The fast pace of technological developments in the last century drastically influenced diverse facets of customer service. With the predominance of business organizations using the internet, more organizations have resorted to a mobile workforce where customers’ needs are being serviced by electronic means. As technological improvements continue, more service features are offered through the internet, through virtual teams, teleconferencing, and the like. The benefits of technology are: unlimited time to access service providers regardless of location of the customers, queuing time is eliminated, more secure in terms of doing business at the convenience of one’s home. On the other hand, technology has totally eradicated the concept of direct reciprocity in soliciting immediate response to inquiries and transactions. Also the element of differences in time across the globe could delay

Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal

Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal An Assignment on:  FOOD SECURITY ANALYSIS Submitted by: Bibek Thapa Bidhya Gautam Binod Rana Chandan Shilpakar Chiran Adhikari Chura Mani Bhusal   Dipak Shahi Deny Kumar Shrestha Dev Raj Gupta INTRODUCTION Nepal is a food deficit, land locked and least developed country, having a population of more than 27 million people. Around 31 percent people in the country live below poverty level. Around 49.3 percent of under-five children are chronically malnourished. Globally, Nepal ranks 144th out of 182 countries in terms of its Human Development Index (UNDP, 2009). Annual population growth rate of the country is 2.2 percent. It is estimated that the countrys population in 2025 will reach 40.5 million, with anticipated difficulties of fulfilling the food requirements. Nepalese economy dominated by agriculture, 65.6 % of total population is directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. Since last couple of years, population dependent on agriculture have been decreased (Sanjel, 2005). Apart from the small holding, other sources of income are livestock, wages, migration, etc. Of total income, 48 % from farm, 28 % from off-farm, 11 % from foreign remittance and 13 % from other source (WFP MoAC, 2009). Table 1: Nepal HDI Trend Year HDI 1980 0.309 1990 0.407 2000 0.5 2005 0.537 2006 0.547 2007 0.553 Source: HDR, 2009 The geography, political situation and cultural practices in the country are diverse. Peoples access to health facilities, schooling, employment opportunities and hygiene and care practices is limited. After 10 years of armed conflict (1996 -2006), the country is under a transitional period of establishing constitutional democracy after signing of a peace accord in November 2006 and the Constituent Assembly election held in April 2008. The decade long insurgency caused a loss of 13,347 lives in the country (UNDP, 2009 a). CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITY: Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The concept of food security has four pillars (availability, access, utilization and stability). The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. Widespread poverty is the major cause for food insecurity. Food insecurity and hunger remain pervasive in Nepal, not only in food deficit districts but also within marginalized communities in districts with surplus food production. Food and financial crisis is gradually increasing, chronic food insecurity since 1990 in Western hills (Adhikari and Bhole, 1999), and total number of food insecure people are 6.9 million (OCHA, 2008). Feudalism and labor arrangement system are also the reason for food insecurity. Consequences of food insecurity are that poor have already exhausted their saving to buy food, sold the property and increased school dropout. There is a correlation between areas of high poverty and high malnutrition and areas of most impacted by conflict. Nationally, 47 % of the land owning HHs owned only 15 % of the land with an average size of less than 0.5 ha, whereas the top 5 % owned nearly 37 % of land. A recent rough estimate by WFP stated that the minimum amount of land required for HHs self-sufficiency is approximately 0.54 ha (OCHA, 2008). DIMENSION OF FOOD SECURITY: Food Availability Availability of food is affected by insufficient agricultural productivity, inadequate rural infrastructure, and seasonal food shortages. In aggregate and percentage terms, the deficit is usually 3-5% of total utilization in cereal equivalent. Situation of food availability and access are very unevenly distributed over the country, and areas with the lowest production and greatest deficit per capita also tend to be the ones with low incomes, highest rates of overty and malnutrition, and they are often the most remote and inaccessible. Since 1990, at national level, overall food production is deficit and Nepal has been a net cereal importer for most years during the last two decades (FAO, 2008). Table 2: Food Deficit for 2009 Crop Deficit (Mt) Paddy 150,000 Wheat and barley 130,000 Maize 120,000 Total 400,000 Source: WFP Food security bulletin -24, August 2009 The Hill and Mountain regions are particularly food deficit and more vulnerable to drought. The low production is largely due to the predominance of rain fed agriculture, traditional farming practices, limited agri-input, inadequate technical advice for farmers due to poor extension services, poverty and limited availability of credit, and frequent droughts and floods. In addition, the conflict has reduced farmers’ access to production inputs and markets and reduced the motivation of farmers, producers and traders to expand their activities. The lack of growth in crop production greatly limits the potential for crop diversification which leads to nutritionally unbalanced and poorly diversified HH food consumption patterns. Only around 40 % of rural households produce enough food to meet their year round needs. A 3.4 million land holdings produce barely enough food to meet six months of household food needs. Average farm size is less than 0.8 ha and the parcels are scattered re ndering difficulty for commercialization and management care. Reduction in % of agricultural household from 83 % (1995) to 78 % (2003/04) and significantly in average size of land holding (CBS 2004). Livestock contributes about 30 % to agricultural GDP and projected to rise to 45 % by 2015. According to NLSS (2004), livestock accounts for about 20 % of total agricultural income, after crops (50 %). It is also a major household asset used to mitigate short-term shocks (FAO, 2008). Food Access: Physical and financial causes affect food access and it is restricted due to scarce nonagricultural Income possibilities, limited access to productive resources, lack of functioning services and substandard managerial and organizational capacity. This is a measure of a households entitlement to food. A 2008 WFP’s study shows that 75 % of surveyed HHs did not have sufficient access to food, and more than 95 % of very poor HHs had insufficient access to food. Food Utilization: Proper food utilization requires proper food handling, adequate education on health and nutrition, child care, hygiene and sanitation, health care, etc. A total of 55% to 85% of drinking water sources are micro-biologically contaminated (OCHA, 2008). Stability/Vulnerability to Food HHs and individuals must have access to food at all times, either fresh or processed. However, sometimes they can be affected by external shocks (droughts, floods, conflict, poor political and economic governance and climatic crisis or seasonal food insecurity) and internal shocks (loss of income, illness). ROLE OF WOMEN IN FOOD SECURITY According to FAO, in developing country, 60 -80 % of total food production is contributed by women, and they have been engaged in subsistence farming (Kantipur, 2009). Capacity building of women in different sectors contributes to improve the livelihoods of the family, community and whole country. Almost 100 % women take responsibility for nurturing and care of children, and ideas, believe and practice change of women contributes a lot to improve nutritional status of children and women themselves. REASON FOR FOOD INSECURITY Main reasons for food insecurity are categorized according to four pillars and detail is given in Annex 3: Availability †¢ Low agricultural production and productivity and high population growth †¢ Small land holding †¢ Feudalism and labor management †¢ Misuse of food commodities †¢ Dependency syndrome on food aid. Access †¢ Unequal food distribution †¢ Lack of road network and market in remote area †¢ Lack of emergency backup services †¢ Poor purchasing capacity of people †¢ Social and geographical disparities and exclusion. Utilization †¢ Lack of awareness on nutrition and food habit †¢ High levels of malnutrition †¢ Poor basic services †¢ High disease incidence. Stability/Vulnerability to Food †¢ Low income †¢ Frequent disaster †¢ Social conflict †¢ Poor political and economic governance and other †¢ No functioning of traditional/indigenous community food safety net. GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION According to international law, every human being has rights to be freed from hunger and rights to have safe and nutritious food. Universal declaration on human rights, Conventions on Child Rights and other international legal documents have ensured the rights of food. Nepal does not have a comprehensive food security policy addressing the different dimensions of food security; however, food security and nutrition have been included in different policy document. Nepal Interim Constitution (2007) The interim constitution has recognized food sovereignty as the fundamental human right and guaranteed some important rights which are relevant to ensure the legal entitlement on the food security. It guarantees the right to life (art. 12.1) and rights to employment and social security (article 16). For the first time in Nepal, constitution also guarantees the right to food sovereignty (art. 18.3). Provision of rights of food security for all citizens has been ensured through the article 16 and 33. Similarly, through article 35, provision to improve the food security situation of marginalized community has been ensured. However, these rights are subject to implementing legislation, unfortunately, such specific laws are not yet made. Recently, in a case, interpreting this right, Supreme Court of Nepal issued an interim order to the GON to immediately supply food stuff in food insecure districts (Adhikari, 2009). Besides these following plan and policies have also ensured food security for Nepalese citizens: Three Year Interim Plan (TYIP 2007 -2010) Agricultural Development Policies †¢ Agriculture Perspective Plan (1995-2015) †¢ Implementation of APP Support Programme (2003-2008) †¢ National Agriculture Policy (2004) †¢ Health Sector Policy (2004) †¢ National Water Plan (2005) †¢ Forestry Master Plan †¢ National Transport Master Plan †¢ Agribusiness Promotion Policy (2006) †¢ Food and Nutrition Security Plan (2007) †¢ Milk Development Policy (2007) †¢ Agriculture Biodiversity Policy (2007) AGENCIES WORKING IN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION: Government Agencies Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC) Focused on food production, most of the programs are extension (with very limited research); targeted to production increase, market access and technical support for the farmer. According to NSDRM 2009, this is focal ministry for food security (MoHA, 2009). Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) Implements Nepal Food Crisis response program, funded by World Bank (WB), and Food for Work (FFW) programs, material support of WFP and technical support of GTZ, in food deficit districts with the objective of creating rural employment opportunities to the poor through the Rural Community Infrastructure Works (RCIW) Programme consisting of rural road construction and community based projects such as irrigation and soil conservation, school building and other support, health facilities improvement, income generation, etc. Ministry of Education (MoE) MoE implements Food for Education (FFE) program with material food support from WFP. It follows an objective of improving nutritional status of school children, school enrolment and attendance of children, particularly girls, by providing a mid-day meal and a take-home ration of oil for girl students. The program is implemented in food deficit districts. Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) Department of Health implements Mother and Child Health Care (MCHC) programme with material support from WFP in collaboration with MoE. The programme aims to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant and lactating mothers and children (6-36 months) by providing monthly take home ration (fortified nutritious food). Nepal Food Corporation (NFC) NFC is currently supplying subsidized food to 30 districts including 22 remote districts across the country (MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009), where local production is deficit. It follows the Governments food policy with responsibility of collection, transportation, storage, sale and mobilization of food. It also handles food aid received by the country. NFC focuses on providing food to people living around district headquarters, and mostly to government employees. Line Agencies World Food Programme (WFP) WFP works in partnership with MoLD, MoE, MoHP, UN agencies and NGOs through life cycle approach of distributing food from pregnancy stage to adult of women candidates. As of November 2009, WFP coverage is in 22 districts (personal interaction with WFP staff). All interventions are carried out in the food insecure areas identified by Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping (VAM) unit of WFP in close collaboration with the Government. There are other agencies and some of them are as follows: ActionAid Nepal Agro Enterprise Centre (AEC) DEPROSC, DFID, GTZ, Helen Keller International (HKI), OXFAM GB, SAPROSC, UNICEF, WHO SUMMARY: Food security in Nepal depends on land productivity as managed by small holders who face challenges in productivity and sustainability, and the country is prone to natural disasters that can have serious consequences for agricultural production.Additionally, the households that are most likely to be food insecure tended to engage in livelihood activities such as petty trade, unskilled labor, natural resources exploitation, handicrafts, and farming. Nepal has become a net importer of grain in recent years.The key factors causing food insecurity, especially in remote mountain districts, are an increasing population, remoteness (causing lack of transportation and distribution), low income-generating opportunities, and lack of access to food. The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. These factors can be grouped in three clusters: 1) Overall socio-economic, political and natural environment 2) Performance of the food economy, and 3) Household level food security influenced by livelihood assets and activities, care practices, and health and sanitation conditions. CONCLUSION: In current situation, for food security major thrust has to given to production of food grains, horticulture, fisheries and livestock product through sustainable use of resources. Investing in agriculture has several benefits and as a major sector contributing to economic growth, 38 agriculture has to transform from traditionally subsistent to a vibrant commercial and competitive one. Potentiality for agriculture development should be taped with increasing concerns for irrigation, fertilizer, storage, marketing, improved seeds and breeds, quality control, improved service delivery, research focus on niche areas, credit facility and capable human resources. Improved farming system, planting of fruit and fodder and use of SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) can improve land use and control water induced disaster. Similarly, environment friendly agriculture farm, storage and gene bank are essential but insecticides and pesticides are being haphazardly at commercial scale but eff ective monitoring is lacking. Required numbers of cold storage are lacking, and farmer is compelled to sell goods at cheaper price. Strategies, approaches and programme to increase domestic food availability have to emphasize on: (i) The need for technological change to increase labor, land, input and productivity, (ii) Improving connectivity to increase market access resulting to reduce the transaction costs of getting inputs and services from market to farm and farm to market, and (iii) Price guarantees to serve as an incentive to farmers to produce for the market. Increasing production, promoting processing, developing and strengthening business enterprises services, improving marketing efficiency, and reducing food prices, are major avenues to improve food security. REFERENCE: Adhikari, B. 2009. Food Security Related Safety Nets and Legal Empowerment of Poor in Nepal. Report submitted to FAO 2009 November. Kathmandu CBS, 2004. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04, Statistical report. Volume 1 and 2. Kathmandu. National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics. Kathmandu FAO. 2010. Assesment of Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal. Kathmandu. MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009. Crop and Food Security Assessment: 2008/09 Winter Drought in Nepal, Joint Assessment Report – May 2009. Kathmandu MoHA, 2009. National strategy for disaster risk management, 2009. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affairs OCHA, 2008. Nepal Needs Analysis Framework Key Findings September 20087. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). Kathmandu FAO.2008. Nepal Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring/Early System Assessment of Current System, Project Design and Proposal. February 2008. FAO, Rome Sanjel, N. 2005. PARYAWARAN: Disaster Management Special. Status of Agriculture production and Food security in Nepal. ECO-Nepal, Paryawaran monthly, volume 13, Additional issue, June 2005 UNDP. 2009 a. Nepal Human Development Report 2009: State Transformation and Human Development. UNDP. Kathmandu WFP and MoAC. 2009. District level food Security Monitoring: Resource material MoAC, Government of Nepal and world Food Programme, Kathmandu Adhikari, J and Bhole, H.J. 1999. Food Crisis in Nepal

Parenting and Education During Early Childhood Essay

This paper will discuss various forms of caregivers, parenting styles, and early childhood education. Topics covered are: †¢ Evaluate the different types of parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood. †¢ Compare and contrast at least two different kinds of caregivers and the positive and/or negative impacts on development during infancy and early childhood. (examples: stay at home parent, daycare, grandparent, and nanny) †¢ Discuss how early childhood education has evolved and its impact on cognitive development in early childhood. Parenting style is a psychological construct, strategies that parents use in the development of their child during infancy and early childhood. There are many differing theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children. Many parents create their own style from a combination of factors in the home, parent upbringing, and surrounding environment. The parent styles are affected by both parents (if both parents are involved with the child) and the child’s temperament; other influences include culture, tradition, and parent upbringing. Despite these challenges in child development, researchers have found links between parenting styles and how these styles affect children. In the early 1960’s psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on 100 pre-school children. Observing the different parent involved in the study, it was identified that there are four dimensions of parenting. The four parenting styles are: The Four Parenting Styles †¢ Authoritarian Parenting: This type of parenting, children are expected to follow strict rules established by the parents. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reason behind the set rules. Failure to follow these rules results in punishment. If the child asks to explain, the parent then replies to a simple answer â€Å"Because I said so†. These Authoritarian Parents have high demands but are non-responsive to their children. Diana Baumrind labels these parent as â€Å"obedience and status oriented and expect their orders to obeyed without explanation†. (1991) †¢ Authoritative Parenting: These parents like authoritarian parents establish rules and guidelines that are expected to followed by there children. But this style is more democratic, and parents are responsive to the child(s) and willing to listen to the child(s) questions. If the child fails to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing, forgiving, rather than punishing. They are assertive and not restrictive and intrusive; their disciplinary methods are supportive rather than punitive. The parents want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, self-regulated, and well cooperative. Diana Baumrind suggests these parents â€Å"monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct†. (1991) †¢ Permissive Parenting: Sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, they have very few demands from their children. Permissive parents rarely discipline their children, reason being the parents have low expectations of maturity and self-control. The parents are non-traditional and lenient; they do not require mature behavior and allow considerable self-regulation with confrontation avoidance. Baumrind refers to these parents as â€Å"generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking the role of friend rather than parent†. (1991) †¢ Uninvolved Parent: This parent style speaks for itself, parent have very few demands, little to no communication, and low responsiveness. These parents usually fulfill the child’s basic needs. They generally detached and in extreme cases reject or neglect the needs of the child or children. The Impact of Parenting Styles The outcomes of the parenting styles differ; these styles are produce effects rather than causes that lead to the child’s outcome. Here are some â€Å"general† outcomes from the parenting styles listed above. †¢ Authoritarian parenting children may have less social competence due to the parent or parents telling the child what to do instead of allowing the child to make a choice. In some cases the demands are to forceful and resulted with the child or children to break down, rebel or run away. †¢ Authoritative parenting is attentive to their children’s needs and will typically forgive and teach versus punishment for the child’s short comings. The result is the children have a higher self-esteem and independence. This is most recommended parenting style by experts. †¢ Permissive parenting children tend to more impulsive and may engage in more misconduct as an adolescent. The children go on to never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way. As in better cases they child may mature quickly and live a very dependent life. †¢ Uninvolved parenting: children of uninvolved parents develop a sense that other aspects of the parents’ life are more important than they are. The child often attempt to provide for themselves, sometimes halt dependence on the parent to have a feeling of independence and mature beyond their years. Child from this environment often withdraw from social situations, this also impacts there relationships later on in life and they show patterns of truancy and delinquency. Studying these outcomes with any accuracy is very difficult, if not impossible, and trying to simply connect adult or adolescent outcomes to the parenting style used with them without adjusting for a multitude of other factors will produce misleading or false results. Some potential causes of these differences include culture, personality, family size, parental background, socioeconomic status, educational level and religion. Compare and Contrast Over the years child education has evolved from the old fashioned simple lectures and drill styled lessons of the past. Instead of the one dimensional process of teaching, it is based around not only learning by repetition but what motivates a child, using different means and medias to teach. By including all the kids and making it engaging and fun for them the kids are not only able to learn the material but to take the next step by using what they had learned. Theorist Piaget’s stated that children learned through a process called Concrete operational thought. In short this is the ability of a child to process experiences in a logical manner by the age of 8. The other big part of his theory revolved around perception. Where as a child of 9 years old lets’ say distinguishes between different types of bugs a child who is five years see all bug being the same even if nine happen to be ants and one is a grasshopper. In that younger child’s mind that separation hasn’t been made yet. Through all of Piaget’s experiments they showed that around the age of eight is when this ability is found in children. Piaget’s thought was that the main way of learning for kids was more through a process of discovery. Now on the other side of the spectrum was a theorist named Vygotsky. His thought process was one that children learned through cultural interactions, lesson instructions and through their own peers. That the lessons passed down through the generations were as important as the instructions during class. Things that were a knowledge base too were just as important. With all these things combined is what bridged the learning gap. Vygotsky also emphasized the importance of surrounding children with what is being taught. Reading a big focus among all ages and the importance for this to be learned is one huge example of his thought. If a child is surrounded by family who reads and encourages this to happen by not only telling but also engaging in the activity. In turn the child is more adept to follow in step. So in today’s schools the two theories are practiced or more combined into one. Meaning not only is the old fashioned style of repetitious lectures still partially important. It is also even more so encouraged that kids interact with one another in a fun positive environment led by a teacher. So in this way learning is taking place from many different angles. It is pushed for parents to get involved with their kids by more than just taking them to and from school but to read with them, to practice the math concepts they are taught. Teachers are also encouraged to look at the possible cultural differences and take them into account to develop their lesson plans. So in many ways the teaching of children has changed much from the previous generations. Early childhood Education More responsibilities come along happiness and pride of becoming parents. Children depend on their parents and also need their love and protection. Parents also have to decide what type of care giving they want for their kids. Daycare and stay-at-home are two different kinds of care giving parents may choose for their offspring. These are different in many ways, but at the same time they both benefit children. Studies have shown that daycare can be useful and stimulates a child’s intellectual and social development. Children get interaction with kids their same or different age and staff at daycares usually is trained in early childhood development. Furthermore these facilities are certified, and offer different types of educational games for children. Children’s experience at the daycare also contributes to their development (Chilman, 1993). That is by acquiring better language and cognitive skills as they grow up. On the other hand, daycare may not be affordable to everyone, since the cost is usually really high. As Chilman (1993), continues to explain in her study the lack of quality affordable child care causes numerous absences from work. She also mentions that daycare may not be available for sick children, children with special needs or infants. Staff members at daycares also have to care for more than one child at a time, therefore children may not get the attention they need while being there. Daycare children might not get to know their parents that well, especially if the parents have a real busy work schedule. Most parents would like to be their children’s primary caregivers and stay home to care for them. Being a stay-at-home parent brings satisfaction and pride by knowing their child is getting the attention and quality of care needed. The parent gets more time to bond, and witnesses each developmental milestone the child is going through such as, saying the first word, or taking the first step. Some professionals have found out that stay-at-home mothers have been shown to provide better care than working mothers (Shpancer, Melick, Sayre & Spivey, 2006). Even though the parent caring for the child at home can have playtime and bring out toys, the child still needs to interact with other kids their age and socialize with them. The mother or father may not have the special training or use the proper toys for the child to play with. Another disadvantage of this kind of care giving is that the parent has to stop working in order to care for their child. As Chilman (1993) illustrates on her findings career drives may be postponed by one or both parents for a short period of child care. This could affect the family financially and emotionally since the parent is not fulfilling his or her career goals. In short, it has been shown that daycare gives the child the opportunity to socialize with other children, and caregivers, but they also need the attention and nurturing care of their parents. Reference: Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. Chilman, Catherine S. (1993, July). Parental Employment and Child Care Trends: some Critical Issues and Suggested Policies. Social Work 38(4). Maccoby, E. E. , & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington, Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed. ). New York: Wiley. Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017. Au Shpancer, N. , Melick, K. M. , Sayre, P. S. , & Spivey, A. T. (2006, February). Quality of Care Attributions to Employed versus Stay-at-Home Mothers. Early Child Development and Care 176(2). http://psychology. about. com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style. htm Parenting Styles, The Four Parenting Styles Pulled from web Feb 1, 2012.

Operations Management Question

FALL 2011 2011 Deadline: October 26, Middle East Technical University – Northern Cyprus Campus BUS 361 Operations Management Homework 1 – Solutions 1. Fruit Computer Company manufactures memory chips in lots of ten chips. From past experience, Fruit knows that 80% of all lots contain 10% (1 out of 10) defective chips, 20% of all lots contain 50% (5 out of 10) defective chips. If a good batch (that is, 10% defective) of chips is sent on to the next stage of production, processing costs of $1000 are incurred, and if a bad batch (that is, 50% defective) is sent on to the next stage of production, processing costs of $4000 are incurred.Fruit also has the alternative of reworking a batch at a cost of $1000. A reworked batch is sure to be a good batch. Alternatively, for a cost of $100, Fruit can test one chip from each batch in an attempt to determine whether the batch is defective. Determine how Fruit can minimize the expected total cost per batch. Expected total cost per b atch = $1580. Fruit can minimize the expected total cost per batch by choosing the following decisions: It should test a chip.If the tested chip is defective, Fruit should rework the batch. If the tested chip is not defective, however, Fruit should send batch on to the next stage. See the following figure for details. Probabilities regarding testing a chip are calculated as follows. D: Chip is defective, D’: Chip is not defective, BB: Bad Batch, GB: Good Batch P(GB) = 0. 8, P(BB) = 0. 2, P(D | GB) = 0. 1, P(D’ | GB) = 0. 9, P(D | BB) = 0. 5, P(D’ | BB) = 0. 5, P(D) = (0. 8)(0. 1) + (0. 2)(0. 5) = 0. 18, P(D’) = 1 – P(D) = 0. 82P(GB | D) = (P(D|GB) P(GB) + P(D|BB)P(BB)) / P(D) = 8/18 P(BB | D) = 1 – P(GB | D) = 10/18 P(GB | D’) = (P(D’|GB) P(GB) + P(D’|BB)P(BB)) / P(D’) = 72/82 P(BB | D’) = 1 – P(GB | D’) = 10/82 1 2. A retailer of electronic products has asked a particular manufacturer to begi n daily deliveries rather than on a weekly basis. Currently the manufacturer delivers 2000 cases each Monday. The cost of each case is valued at $300. a. What is the average inventory (in units)? b. The average inventory (in dollars)? c. What is the inventory turnover? . What is the average inventory (in dollars) for the daily delivery pattern, assuming 20 days/month? a. Average inventory = (2000 + 0) / 2 = 1000 units. b. Average inventory = 300 * 1000 = $300,000 c. Inventory turnover = Net sales / Average Inventory = 52 * 2000 / 1000 = 104 d. Average inventory = (2000/5 + 0) / 2 = 200 units Average inventory = 300 * 200 = $60,000 3. METU NCC Student Affairs officer, Sinem, is checking the accuracy of student registrations each day. For each student this process takes exactly two and a half minutes.There are times when Sinem gets quite a backlog of files to process. She has argued for more help and another computer, but her manager doesn’t think capacity is that stressed. Use the following data to determine the utilization of her and her computer. She works seven and a half hours per day (she gets 30 minutes off for lunch), 5 days per week. What is the utilization of Sinem and Sinem’s computer? The following data are fairly typical for a week: 3 Total number of files to process = 70 + 150 + 130 + 120 + 160 = 630 Time it takes Sinem to process the files in each week = 630 files * 2. min/file = 1575 minutes. Total working hours available in a week = 7. 5 hours/day * 5 days = 7. 5 * 5 = 37. 5 hours = 37. 5 * 60 minutes = 2250 minutes / week Utilization = Actual working time / Time available = 1575 / 2250 = 70% 4. Consider the following three-station production line with a single product that must visit station 1, 2, and 3 in sequence: †¢ Station 1 has 4 identical machines with a processing time of 15 minutes per job. †¢ Station 2 has 10 identical machines with a processing time of 30 minutes per job. Station 3 has 1 machine with a processi ng time of 3 minutes per job. a. What is rb (bottleneck rate) for this line? b. Can this system satisfy the daily demand of 180 units (assume 2 shifts in a day, and 4 hours in a shift)? c. What is T0 (raw processing time) for this line? d. What is W0 (critical WIP) for this line? Station 1 Production rate (jobs/min) Production rate (jobs/day) = 128 Station 2 Station 3 = 160 = 160 a. Station 1 is the bottleneck station, which has bottleneck rate, rb = 4/15. b.Because the bottleneck station’s production rate of 128 is less than the daily demand of 180 units, this system cannot satisfy the daily demand. 4 c. T0 = 15 + 30 + 3 = 48 minutes. d. W0 = rb * T0 = 4/15 * 48 = 12. 8 13 units. 5. The final assembly of Noname PCs requires a total of 12 tasks. The assembly is done at the Lubbock, Texas plant using various components imported from Far East. The tasks required for the assembly operations, task times and precedence relationships between tasks are as follows: Task Task Time (mi n)Immediate Predecessors 1 2 2 2 2 3, 4 7 5 6, 9 8, 10 11 Positional Weight 70 58 31 27 20 29 25 18 18 17 13 7 Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 6 6 2 2 12 7 5 1 4 6 7 1 2 3 5 7 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 Given that the company produces one assembled PC every 15 minutes, a. Assign tasks to workstations using the Ranked Positional Weight Algorithm. b. Calculate balance delay and workload imbalance for your solution. c. Evaluate optimality of your solution (in terms of number of workstations, balance delay and workload imbalance). 5 a. Order of tasks: 1, 2, 3, 6, 4, 7, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12WS 1 1 15 3 WS 2 2, 3, 4 15 9 3 1 WS 3 6, 5, 9 15 3 1 0 WS 4 7, 8 15 8 3 WS 5 10, 11 15 11 5 WS 6 12 15 8 Thus, the number of workstations found by RPW heuristic is equal to 6. ? b. Balance Delay (D) = b1= 3, b2= 1, b3= 0, b4= 3, b5= 5, b6= 8 ? = 20/6 = 3. 33, Workload Imbalance (B) = v c. Lower bound on number of workstations = [ ] [? ] =[ ] LB[D] = 0, LB[B] =0. None of the lower bounds are equal to the obtai ned objective values (K*, D, B). Thus, we do not know whether the solution obtained by RPW heuristic is optimal or not. 6

Aphrodite And Hephaestus Essays - Trojans, Ancient Greek Religion

Aphrodite And Hephaestus Essays - Trojans, Ancient Greek Religion Aphrodite And Hephaestus HEPHAESTUS AND APHRODITE APHRODITE Aphrodite is one of the most famous figures of Greek mythology. Because Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, and sexual rapture,1 she was desired by nearly all of the Greek gods. Aphrodite was one of the twelve main gods on Mt. Olympus,2 and she was the most powerful goddess when it came to members of the opposite sex. THE BIRTH OF APHRODITE There are many origins to Aphrodite's birth. Some of them are: 1) She arose full-grown out of the foam of the sea, 2) She is the daughter of Zeus and Dionne, 3) She is the daughter of Uranus and Gaia, which would make her a Titaness, or 4) She is the daughter of Titans Oceanus and Tethys, making her an Oceanid.3 The most common origin of her birth is her being foam-born, which is what her name means. This origin says that Aphrodite arose nude and full-grown out of the foam of the sea and riding into the shore of Cythera on a scallop shell. She found Cythera to be too small of an island, so she went to live in Paphos, in Cyprus, which is still the principal seat of her worship.4 THE MYTH OF APHRODITE AND HEPHAESTUS AND ARES Although Aphrodite was the goddess of love and beauty, she had a magic girdle that she wore that made everyone fall in love with her. She could hardly ever be persuaded to lend it to anyone. Since Aphrodite had the magic girdle and was so beautiful, all of the gods fell in love with her. All of the goddesses were jealous of Aphrodite because all of the gods loved her instead of the other goddesses. Because of this, Zeus arranged a marriage for her with Hephaestus, the lame smith-god.5 Aphrodite didn't really mind this marriage arrangement, though, because she thought Hephaestus would never notice her having marital affairs.6 Hephaestus knew nothing of deception until, one night, he caught his wife and Ares, the god of war, making love at Ares' home. Hephaestus went back to his home very angry.7 Hephaestus was so angry that he decided to get revenge on Aphrodite by literally catching the while they were making love. He got out a bronze hunting-net and attached to the posts and sides of the bed. He told Aphrodite that he was to a short holiday trip to Lemnos. Aphrodite did not offer to go with him. When Hephaestus left, she sent hurriedly for Ares and the two immediately went to sleep together. When they went to bed, they got tangled in the net.8 At dawn, Hephaestus returned from his trip. He summoned all of the gods together so they could see what Aphrodite and Ares did. Hephaestus thought that, by Zeus seeing how Aphrodite deceived him, Zeus would return all of the marriage gifts. Instead, Zeus told Hephaestus that this should handled by him and Aphrodite instead of being made a public affair, therefore Zeus did not return the marriage gifts.9 MYTHS OF OTHER LOVERS OF APHRODITE Hermes After Aphrodite had been publicly humiliated, she returned to Paphos and renewed her virginity to the sea. Soon afterwards, Hermes confessed his love for her, and she slept with him. She eventually bore a double-sexed child name Hermaphroditus. Poseidon Poseidon, like Hermes, also confessed his love for her, and she bore him two sons named Rhodus and Herophilus. Later Aphrodite also slept with Dionysus in which she bore a deformed son by him. The deformity was caused by Hera; she did this in disapproval of Aphrodite's permiscuity.10 Anchises Later, Zeus wanted to humiliate Aphrodite by making her fall in love with a mortal named Anchises. He was a handsome man, and he was the King of the Dardanians. One night Aphrodite visited him without him knowing who she was. When they Parted at dawn, she revealed her identity and told him not to tell anyone that they had slept together. Anchises was terrified when he learned that he had uncovered the nakedness of a goddess, and he begged her to kill him. She told him that he had nothing to worry about and that their son would become famous.11 A few days later, Anchises was drinking with one of his friends. His friend asked, Would you rather sleep with the daughter of so-and-so than with Aphrodite herself?12 Anchises' reply was, No, having slept with both of them, I find the question inept.13 Zeus overheard Anchises boasting, so he threw a thunderbolt at him that would have killed him immediately,

How are synthetic a prirori ju essays

How are synthetic a prirori ju essays Kant theorizes that synthetic a priori judgments are conceived before an event occurs. He makes the assumption that these synthetic a priori judgments are plausible without any empirical knowledge, exposure, experience, or any related comprehension. Ergo it is false to assume that synthetic a priori conclusions are not justifiable because the articulation of conscious and unconscious stimuli is an occurrence since birth. Kant explains that there are both analytic and synthetic judgments. Analytic judgments are those truths that are self-contained while synthetic judgments are the combining of two ideas to form a completely new idea. He also explains that there are both experiences that are a posteriori and those that are a priori. A posteriori is the knowledge that depends on experience and therefore is defined as after experience. A priori on the other hand is knowledge that can be known prior to experience. Knowing this, we can conclude that analytic a posteriori are not possible. One cannot have a self-contained knowledge of something after an experience. Kant also explains to us that analytic a priori are in fact possible. For instance, the statement all bodies are extended things is an example of analytic a priori. This is because we know that this is true before seeing all of the bodies in the world. Analytic a priori are therefore rationalist statements. Rationalism is a theory that reason is in itself a source of knowledge superior to and independent of sense perceptions. A rainy day is a wet day is an example of a statement that is both rationalist and analytic a priori. This is an analytic a priori judgment because we know that everyday that is a rainy day is also a wet day. On the other hand, if somebody were to say that a rainy day is a warm day it would be an empirical statement. That is because we can only put th...

Old Major Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Old Major Movie - Essay Example Soon later the animals put their plan into effect. This means that they defeat the owner of the farm and take over the land for the animals. The animals then rename the farm animal farm and begin to explore their new existence, with one animals developing the slogan ‘I will work harder’. At first the animal farm is highly effective and there is limited in-fighting among the animals. The original pigs educate new animals about the ways of Animalism, or animal dominance much like Old Major had envisioned. At one point the farmer returns to attempt to reclaim the land and the group of animals defeats him. They name this confrontation the Battle of Cowshed. During this time of the film the pigs begin to argue amongst themselves and the viewer begins to detect that the animal rule is experiencing a number of challenges that may lead to its demise. They develop ideas, like an electrically generated windmill, but one of the pigs objects to the idea. Napoleon uses the dogs that were trained earlier in the movie to chase Snowball from the farm and assume control for himself and declares that the pigs will be the ones making the decisions for all the animals. Â  As Napoleon assumes control he decides to complete the windmill project. After working on the project the animals discover that one day it is toppled. They are not sure what happened to the windmill, but they play Snowball. As a response they set about undertaking a purge of the animals in the farm that may be opposed to their rule.

Jesus true prayer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jesus true prayer - Assignment Example Aside from praying the â€Å"Our Father†, one also follows Jesus’ advice in Matthew 6.6 which states that â€Å"pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly† (Matthew 6, n.d., p. 1). One prays using what one intends to relay to the Father through own words and in a parallel way that a child seeks to communicate to one’s own biological father. One could improve one’s prayer life through observing and practicing Jesus’ advice and recommendation for the true prayer by first acknowledging adoration to God, the Father and the provider and Omnipotent God, who governs one’s path and life. One should recognize that prayer assists in overcoming daily challenges and exemplifies communicating to God in terms of appreciating receiving blessings and graces and acknowledging that we need protection from harm. Also, the message of forgiveness must be ingrained in our daily life as the ethics of reciprocity must be of primary importance as a secret to a happy and peaceful